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"Appropriate Methods for Reducing Lead Paint Hazards" an Historic Preservation Brief December 1, 2008


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Appropriate Methods for Reducing Lead Paint Hazards
in Historic Housing

Sharon C. Park, AIA, and Douglas C. Hicks
Appropriate Methods for Reducing Lead Paint Hazards

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Introduction

Lead in Historic Paints

Planning for Lead Hazard Reduction in Historic Housing

        Identify the historical significance

        Undertake a risk assessment of interior and exterior surfaces

        Evaluate options for hazard control

              Interim Controls

              Hazard Abatement

Appropriate Methods for Controlling Lead Hazards

        Historic Interiors (deteriorating paint and chewed surfaces)

        Lead-dust on interior finishes

        Soil/landscape

        Deteriorating paint on exteriors

        Friction Surfaces

        Accessible, projecting, mouthable surfaces

        Impact Surfaces

        Other surfaces

Maintenance after Hazard Control Treatment

Conclusion

Action Levels

        Blood lead levels

              Children

              Adults

        Lead in paint

              Lab analysis of samples

        XRF reading

        Lead dust wipe test

              Floors

              Window sills

              Window troughs

        Lead in soil

              Concern

              Interim control

              Hazard abatement

Lead-Based Paint Legislation

        Federal Legislation

              Title X (Ten) Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992

              Interim Final Regulations of Lead in Construction Standards (29CFR 1926.62)

              Toxic Substance Control Act; Title IV

        State Laws

        Local Ordinances

        Owner's Responsibility

Worker Safety

Selected Reading

Glossary of Terms

        Deteriorated Lead-Based Paint

        Dust Removal

        Hazard Abatement

        Hazard Control

        Interim Control

        Lead-based Paint

        Lead-safe

        Risk Assessment

Acknowledgements


Return to the Knowledge Base

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ACTION LEVELS

Readers should become familiar with terminology and basic levels that trigger concern and/or action. Check with the appropriate authorities if you have questions and to verify applicable action levels which may change over time.

Blood lead levels: Generally from drawn blood and not a finger stick test which can be unreliable. Units are measured in micrograms per deciliter (ug/dl) and reflect the 1995 standards from the Centers of Disease Control:

Children:

10 ug/dl; level of concern; find source of lead

15 ug/dl and above; intervention, counseling, medical monitoring.

20 ug/dl and above; medical treatment

Adults:

25 ug/dl; level of concern; find source of lead

50 ug/dl ; OSHA standard for medical removal from the worksite

Lead in paint: Differing methods report results in differing units. Lead is considered a potential hazard if above the following levels, but can be a hazard at lower levels, if improperly handled. These are the current numbers as identified by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (1995):

Lab analysis of samples:

5,000 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) or 5,000 parts per million (ppm), or

0.5% lead by weight.

XRF reading: in milligram per centimeter squared

1 mg/cm2

Lead dust wipe test: in micrograms per square foot

Floors 100 ug/ft2;

Window sills 500 ug/ft2;

Window troughs 800 ug/ft2

Lead in soil: high contact bare play areas, listed as parts per million (ppm)

concern: 400 ppm

interim control 2,000 ppm

hazard abatement 5,000 ppm


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