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"Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors" an Historic Preservation Brief December 1, 2008


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Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors

Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Konrad
Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors

What's in this article



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Introduction

The Tile-Making Process

Historical Background

        Development of the Tile Industry in America

        Changes in the Tile Industry

Ceramic Floor Tile Types

        Unglazed and Glazed Tiles

              Unglazed Tiles

                    Quarry tiles

                    Encaustic tiles

                    Ceramic mosaic tiles

              Glazed Tiles

Laying Ceramic Tile Floors

        19th Century Techniques

        20th Century Techniques

Preservation and Maintenance

        Cleaning Methods

        Protective Coatings

Damage and Deterioration Problems

        Loss of Tile Surface and Pattern

        Tile Glaze Failure

        Tile Breakage

        Moisture Damage to Tile

        Loose, Cracked, Broken or Unbonded Tile due to Mortar Failure

        Tile Damage or Loss caused by Systems Update

Repair and Replacement

        Mortar Joint Repair

        Tile Repair

        Tile Replacement

        Selective Replacement of Individual Tiles

        Sectional Replacement of Tiles

Summary

Selected Reading

Some Sources for Replacement Tiles

        Designs in Tile

        Fulper Tile

        H&R Johnson Tiles Ltd

        L'Esperance Tile Works

        Moravian Pottery and Tile Works

        Motawi Tileworks

        Native Tile and Ceramics

        Original Style

        Pewabic Pottery, Inc

        Terra Designs Tileworks

        Tile Guild

        Tile Restoration Center, Inc

Helpful Organizations

        The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works

        Ceramic Tile Institute of America, Inc

        Friends of Terra Cotta, Inc

        Tile Council of America

        Tile Heritage Foundation

Acknowledgements


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Some Sources for Replacement Tiles

There are a number of companies that offer standard lines of reproduction tiles, while others focus on custom work. Some new lines of reproduction tile attempt to be exact replicas of original tiles from the late-19th and early-20th century, while others are modern interpretations or adaptations of traditional designs, and may not be appropriate as replacement tiles in a preservation or restoration project. For additional sources see: "Traditional Building's Ceramic Tile SourceList," Traditional Building, Vol. 9, No. 4 (July/August 1996), pp. 92-93.

Designs in Tile
P.O. Box 358
Mt. Shasta, CA 96067
Custom-made reproduction art tile.

Fulper Tile
P.O. Box 373
Yardley, PA 19067
Reopened factory reproduces historic
tiles using original Arts and Crafts-period glazes.

H&R Johnson Tiles Ltd.
Head Office: Highgate Tile Works
Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent
England ST6 4JX
U.S. Office: Johnson USA Inc.
P.O. Box 2335
Farmingdale, NJ 07727
Stock and custom reproductions
of Minton Hollins encaustic and geometric tiles.

L'Esperance Tile Works
237 Sheridan Avenue
Albany, NY 12210
Custom-made encaustic,
geometric, mosaic and other traditional ceramic tiles.

Moravian Pottery and Tile Works
Swamp Road
Doylestown, PA 18901
Reproduction tiles based on
Henry Chapman Mercer's original designs.

Motawi Tileworks
33 North Staebler Road, Suite 2
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Reproduction tiles in Arts and Crafts,
Art Nouveau and other styles.

Native Tile and Ceramics
4230 Glencoe Avenue
Marina Del Rey, CA 90292
Reproduction decorative tiles in
Southern California tradition of Craftsman,
Mission, Art Deco and other styles.

Original Style
Stovax Ltd.
Falcon Road
Sowton Industrial Estate
Exeter, Devon
England EX2 7LF
Reproduction ceramic tiles from 1750-1902.

Pewabic Pottery, Inc.
10125 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit, MI 48214
Reopened factory reproduces
original tile designs and glazes.

Terra Designs Tileworks
241 East Blackwell Street
Dover, NJ 07801
Mosaic tessarae experts, and
reproduction of historic ceramic tiles.

Tile Guild
2840 East 11th Street
Los Angeles, CA 90023
Reproduction of traditional Spanish,
Portuguese, Dutch, Italian and English tiles.

Tile Restoration Center, Inc.
3511 Interlake N.
Seattle, WA 98103
Reproduction of Arts and Crafts-period tiles.


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