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"Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors" an Historic Preservation Brief November 21, 2008


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Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors

Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Konrad
Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors

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Introduction

The Tile-Making Process

Historical Background

        Development of the Tile Industry in America

        Changes in the Tile Industry

Ceramic Floor Tile Types

        Unglazed and Glazed Tiles

              Unglazed Tiles

                    Quarry tiles

                    Encaustic tiles

                    Ceramic mosaic tiles

              Glazed Tiles

Laying Ceramic Tile Floors

        19th Century Techniques

        20th Century Techniques

Preservation and Maintenance

        Cleaning Methods

        Protective Coatings

Damage and Deterioration Problems

        Loss of Tile Surface and Pattern

        Tile Glaze Failure

        Tile Breakage

        Moisture Damage to Tile

        Loose, Cracked, Broken or Unbonded Tile due to Mortar Failure

        Tile Damage or Loss caused by Systems Update

Repair and Replacement

        Mortar Joint Repair

        Tile Repair

        Tile Replacement

        Selective Replacement of Individual Tiles

        Sectional Replacement of Tiles

Summary

Selected Reading

Some Sources for Replacement Tiles

        Designs in Tile

        Fulper Tile

        H&R Johnson Tiles Ltd

        L'Esperance Tile Works

        Moravian Pottery and Tile Works

        Motawi Tileworks

        Native Tile and Ceramics

        Original Style

        Pewabic Pottery, Inc

        Terra Designs Tileworks

        Tile Guild

        Tile Restoration Center, Inc

Helpful Organizations

        The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works

        Ceramic Tile Institute of America, Inc

        Friends of Terra Cotta, Inc

        Tile Council of America

        Tile Heritage Foundation

Acknowledgements


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Helpful Organizations

The American Institute for Conservation of
Historic and Artistic Works (AIC)
1717 K Street, N.W., Suite 301
Washington, DC 20006

Ceramic Tile Institute of America, Inc.
12061 Jefferson Boulevard
Culver City, CA 90030-6212

Friends of Terra Cotta, Inc.
771 West End Avenue, 10E
New York, NY 10025

Tile Council of America
P.O. Box 1787
Clemson, SC 29633

Tile Heritage Foundation
P. O. Box 1850
Healdsburg, CA 95448


Acknowledgements

Anne E. Grimmer is Senior Architectural Historian, Technical Preservation Services Branch, Heritage Preservation Services Program, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Kimberly A. Konrad is a Preservation Planner, Boston Landmarks Commission, The Environment Department, City of Boston, MA. The authors wish to thank the following individuals for providing technical review and other assistance in the development of this publication: Marc Tartaro, AIA, and William Allen, Office of the Architect of the Capitol, Washington, DC; Mary Catherine Bluder, Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, PA; Michael F. Byrne, Ceramic Tile Education Foundation, Clemson, SC; Milford Wayne Donaldson, FAIA, Los Angeles, CA; Gray LaFortune, CTC, Ceramic Tile Institute of America, Inc., Culver City, CA; Joseph Taylor, Tile Heritage Foundation, Healdsburg, CA; Susan Tunick, Friends of Terra Cotta, Inc., New York, NY; Anne Weber, Ford Forewell Mills and Gatsch, Architects, Princeton, NJ; Glenn Wharton, Wharton & Griswold Associates, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA; Charles E. Fisher, Sharon C. Park, AIA, and, especially, Kay D. Weeks, National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Washington, D.C. October, 1996


This publication has been prepared pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, which directs the Secretary of the Interior to develop and make available information concerning historic properties. Technical Preservation Services (TPS), Heritage Preservation Services Division, National Park Service prepares standards, guidelines, and other educational materials on responsible historic preservation treatments for a broad public.



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